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“The advantage for the bench researcher is that an experiment is immediately suggested,” explains Lamb. The investigator would upload a gene-expression signature for the compound to the Connectivity Map, which-using the ranking algorithms-would generate a list of compounds with the most similar gene-expression signatures, and thus likely to have the same activity. “Under the best circumstances,” says Lamb, “you will be presented with a compound, a structure and a name you've got some stuff in a tube that does something but it doesn't enlighten your research in any way.” Enter the Connectivity Map, which might move things along considerably by providing functional annotation. To appreciate how this new tool can help bench researchers, take, for example, someone who has screened a small-molecule library and found a compound causing a phenotype of interest. “It was very much a guiding principle,” says Justin Lamb who led the Connectivity Map effort to “make it easy and accessible for people who might not necessarily be experts in genome analysis.” The Connectivity Map was conceived with general users in mind. The power of this type of analysis is illustrated in companion papers that appeared in Cancer Cell (Hieronymus et al., 2006 Wei et al., 2006).
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A suite of informatics tools allows users to compare a gene-expression profile of interest to those present in the database. This resource contains a collection of gene-expression profiles captured after treatment of cell lines with well-characterized small molecules-164 in the first release-with a broad range of activities.
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Milgram s results, published in Psychology Today in 1967, were that the messages were delivered by chains that comprised anywhere between two and 10 intermediaries, with the mean being five.The Connectivity Map, put together by scientists at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and recently described in Science (Lamb et al., 2006), is a wealth of genomics information that bench researchers will find immediately useful. were instructed to forward messages to a target person in Boston. For scientists, however, the wellspring of the six degrees phenomenon, also called the small-world problem, was a 1967 study undertaken by social psychologist Stanley Milgram, in which a selected group of volunteers in the Midwestern U.S. Although the drama was not an exploration of the phenomenon by any means, it spawned countless versions of parlor games. For the greater public, the cultural touchstone of the theory was the 1990 play entitled Six Degrees of Separation by John Guare. N T h e i d e A o f six degrees of separation that is, that every person in the world is no more than six people away from every other person on earth has fascinated social scientists and laymen alike ever since Hungarian writer Frigyes Karinthy introduced the concept in 1929. Communications of the ACM Association for Computing Machinery In the ensuing years, the problem has become a perennial favorite among researchers of many disciplines, from computer scientists exploring probaiMage by WiKiPedia user da Milgram s results, published in Psychology Today in 1967, were that the messages were delivered by chains that comprised anywhere between two and 10 intermediaries, with the mean being five.
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Degrees of separation Degrees of separation